Solar Energy - Solar Cells (PV), Solar Collectors (T) and Hybrid Panels (PV/T)
From Solar Energy
Solar radiation hitting the earth's surface can be used for a lot of things. We are talking primarily about solar collectors for heating and hot water preparation and solar panels for production of electricity. But now it is even possible to get both electricity and heating from the same panel, so-called hybrid panels (PV/T). Solar radiation may also be used for passive heating and daylight through windows besides this.
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In a HYSS system, the free converted solar heat is used to generate heat that is either passed directly to the storage tank or helping to increase the heat pump efficiency. The operating energy (electricity) needed by the HYSS system can advantageously be supplied by solar cells.
It is common to assume annual solar radiation of 1000 W for 1000 hours per m² horizontal surface in Norway. This implies solar radiation equivalent to 1000 kWh / m² per year. If the surface are facing south and tilted 30º the efficiency will increase approximately by 25%. From southern to northern latitudes along the coast, we substantially have the same amount of annual solar radiation. In the north there are more solar radiation during the summer and less in the winter compared to the southern part of the country.
Hybrid panels are now included in Free Energy's product range. In a hybrid panel, the solar cells are cooled by a liquid-borne circuit to increase the efficiency. The heat transported away from the solar cells is used by the HYSS system to increase the heat factor in the heat pump. This allows HYSS to make full use of the PV/T technology.
Thermal solar collectors (T) for solar heat in general have an efficiency up to 50-70% depending on the operating conditions. This means that solar collectors can contribute a maximum power subsidy of 500-700 W/m² and produce between 500-700 kWh/m² per year.
Silicon solar cells (PV) generally have efficiencies ranging between 15-20%, depending on whether they are polycrystalline or monocrystalline. Solar cells based on thin film technology generally have slightly lower efficiency (just below 10%). This means that solar cells can contribute an additional power of up to 150-200 W/m² and produce up to 200 kWh/m² per year depending the technology being used.
Hybrid panels (PV/T)) generates both electricity and heat from the same panel. As the solar cells are cooled down by a liquid-borne circuit, the production of electricity increases up to 15% per year compared to conventional solar cells. The HYSS system's controller function can optimally utilize the heat from PV/T which makes the combination of PV/T and HYSS unique in the market. In normal operating conditions, a hybrid panel generates 186 kWh of electricity and 800 kWh of heat/m² per year, at 10 degrees operating temperature. The hybrid panels have the same dimensions, appearance and the same mounting system as the PV panels which simplifies the installation and provides for a homogeneous and appealing appearance.
Solar collectors are about 3-4 times more area eff...
Solar collectors are about 3-4 times more area efficient than solar cells. This means that the solar heat provides 3-4 times the power and at least 3-4 times the energy conversion per unit area. Thus, not said that one technology is better than the other. The key is to determine what the energy will be used for and then choose the technology with the greatest potential. If the intention is to produce hot water using the sun, it will be far more cost- and area efficient to choose solar panels than solar cells.
In cases where the solar heat integrates with a HYSS system and is used for heat pump efficiency, an extremely high SCOP (annual heat factor) for the heat pump is achieved. In addition, the season for solar heating is significantly extended. For each kWh electricity the heat pump consumes, it returns up to 5-7 parts heat and hot water.
With hybrid panels (PV/T), a more aesthetic adaptation of solar cells and solar heat is obtained as the energy is extracted from one and the same panel. The installation is simplified and the total additional cost of getting both solar heat and solar cells is reduced. The greatest advantage by combining PV/T and HYSS is that the heat pump, in addition to free added energy, will have significantly better operating conditions. This is due to both higher incoming brine temperatures and recharging of the borehole or ground loop. This combination is especially interesting for buildings who wants to achieve zero or plus energy standards. By adding PV- or PV/T- panels, the supply of electricity increases. Because both panels have the same design it simplifies installation and provides a more aesthetic and appealing look.
IT WILL BE EASIER TO ACHIEVE THE STANDARD FOR A ZERO-ENERGY HOUSE WITH A HYSS-SYSTEM
The need for added energy is significantly reduced by using a HYSS system with solar heating for heating and hot tap water. A combination of HYSS, solar heat and solar cells increases the possibility of creating a house with self-sufficient, clean, persistent and free flowing energy
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