Carbonisation
Carbonization refers to the conversion of an organic substance into either carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or distillation. Above 300οC, carbonization of biomass commences and the thermochemical reactions become exothermic (i.e., heat generating) which drives the higher-temperature pyrolysis with no (or little) external energy being applied. Biomass undergoes major chemical modifications at these higher temperatures. Carbonization mimics coalification whereby nature converts plant matter into coal. However, where coalification takes about 300 million years, carbonization converts plant matter into biocarbon (closely related products are charcoal and biochar) in 300 minutes or less. Biocarbon has an energy density similar to bituminous coal – about 13,000 Btu/lb. Biocarbon has the highest energy density among solid biofuels, and its chemical characteristics are most like coal.
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The above process for the formation of biocarbon i...
The above process for the formation of biocarbon is also known as “slow” pyrolysis. There is a related reaction commonly called “fast” pyrolysis, where the temperatures of carbonization are used but the material is heated very quickly and then quenched. This restricts the formation of biocarbon which is a by-product of the process and the product, bio-oil (also known as pyrolysis oil), can be used as a liquid biofuel.
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