Fly Ash Increases Resistance to Freezing and Thawing - Technical Bulletin
Freeze/Thaw Deterioration Begins when water enters voids in concrete. Leaching of calcium hydroxide, producing the hydration of portland cement, provides greater voids for water to occupy, thereby aggravating the rate of deterioration. Upon freezing, this water expands in volume 9%, generating pressures of 30,000 psi.