Vaporizer Brochure

®SELAS FLUID PROCESSING CORPORATION INTRODUCTIONSelas Fluid Processing Corporation (SFPC), a wholly owned subsidiary of The Linde Group of Germany, is internationally recognized for its innovative and comprehensive vaporizer systems, process furnaces and incinerators. Based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, USA, SFPC is committed to customer satisfaction. For over 50years, SFPC has utilized its resources and experience to focus on the successful completion of each project.The pursuit of that sound policy has produced a solid base of global customers that includes many of theworld's largest firms. The quest for excellence and innovation, coupled with a tradition of proven reliability, has formed the hallmarkof our equipment and is witnessed by scores of installations. SFPC thrives on innovation and responsivenesswhen solving today's unique and evolving challenges. SFPC’s (T-Thermal) Sub-X® LNG submerged combustion vaporizers have been at the forefront of the LNG vaporization industry. The originator of submerged combustion systems for vaporization of LNG andthe pioneer of many cryogenic fluid vaporization applications, T-Thermal designed and supplied the very first submerged combustion system at a peak shaving regasification terminal in Alabama in 1965. Today, with our sister company, Selas-Linde, we have over 280 LNG vaporizers installed world wide. The Linde family ofcompanies combines their technological strengths, vast experience and unique capabilities under the leadershipof The Linde Group to provide effective solutions for a wide variety of process applications.T-Thermal founded as Thermal Research andEngineering Company Thermal Research designs and installs first multi-burner submerged combustion (SCV) LNG vaporizers in the world.Multi-burner Sub-X submerged combustion patent filed.Thermal Research purchased by Trane Company and renamed “Trane Thermal”.Single burner Submerged combustion patent filed.First single burner SCV LNG vaporizers installed at the Trunkline Lake Charles receiving terminal.100th submerged combustion vaporizer installed in North America.Trane Thermal becomes T-Thermal.T-Thermal acquired by Linde AG and becomes a subsidiary of Selas Fluid Processing Corporation (SFPC).SFPC supplies 25 “Next Generation” Sub-X® LNG vaporizers for reactivation of North American base load terminals.SFPC executes first peak shaving vaporizer upgrade project in North America.World’s largest single burner LNG vaporizer put into service on the Isle of Grain, UK.Over 280 Sub-X® LNG vaporizers installed world wide. SFPC and Selas-Linde executing projects for 10 grass roots terminals.1949y1965y1974y1975y1978y1983y1986y1992y2001-200520032004y2005y2006yHIGHLIGHTS OF SFPC’S LNG VAPORIZATION TECHNOLOGYTHE PROCESSIn the single burner submerged combustion vaporizer (SCV), combustion air is introduced into the burner at two locations. Most of the air enters the upper volute section (secondary), with the remainder of the air(primary) being supplied to the region around the fuel gas injector. With this arrangement, the burner firesupward into the central section between the two volutes, where the combustion gases are co-reacted withthe secondary combustion air. The secondary combustion air enters the upper volute via a tangential inlet,imparting a swirling motion to the air. This results in intimate mixing with the combustion gases rising fromthe burner and subsequent gas recirculation back along the axis of the burner before discharging into a setof sparger tubes located under the process tube bundle.Injection of the products of combustion into the water bath forms a frothing two-phase mixture containing many small gas bubbles. The reduced density of the two-phase mixture creates a lifting action,causing the mixture to rise. The froth flows up through the tube bundle (vaporizing the LNG) and over theweir, where disengagement of the combustion product gases occurs. The water falls back over the weir and once again re-circulates up through the heat exchanger tube bundle. The frothing action is necessary,even at low heat duties, to maintain uniformity and to prevent icing in the tank. The water bath operatingtemperature is typically between 55-65 °F. Water vapor in the products of combustion is condensed in thebath, aiding SCV performance to an average thermal efficiency of over 99% on a gross heating value basis.On average, a typical single burner SCV will consume approximately 1.3% of the vaporized natural gas sendout as fuel.ADVANTAGES AND DESIGN FEATURESDESIGN FEATURESSingle point water injection dramatically reduces NOx emissions. By mounting the water spray at the tip of the burner nozzle, the flame temperature can be lowered, retarding the Zeldovich1mechanism for thermal NOx. On average, NOx levels have been lowered by over 50% using this technology. Further improvements to water injection systems are underway.CFD models of the burner have been created to simulate the burner temperatureprofile and identify new proprietary injection points designed to pinpoint high temperature regions surrounding the burner nozzle. Employment of a High Excess Air (HEA) design with enhanced controls forprimary air supply. HEA rates above 40% combined with the proper combinationof primary and secondary air flow distribution lower CO emissions byapproximately 60%. Proper mixing and careful control of oxygen concentrations during the initial combustion reaction allows the burnerto operate at lower CO levels without increasing NOx production. Innovations to Achieve Lower Emissions.Many new technologies using alternative burner designs are underdevelopment at the SFPC technology center. Flameless and premixed technologies are being explored to achieveultra low emissions as an alternative to post combustion catalytic treatment.Ability to incorporate alternative energy sources. As operating costs continue to rise, more resourceful waysof incorporating alterative energy sources are coming to light. SFPC is designing SCV’s to operate with supplementalhot water/air streams from a variety of sources:• condensing coils in the vaporizer tank for low pressure steam cycles • direct injection of heated flue gas to augment the burner firing rate• reverse cooling towers for supplemental heating of the bath water • gas turbine quench tower hot water flowsThe use of these supplemental heating sources reduces the already low vaporizer fuel requirements and associated emissions.1Zeldovich mechanism - thermal process consisting of two steps in a chain reaction wheremolecular oxygen and molecular nitrogen combine to form nitric oxide at high temperatures.ZXYContours of Static Temperature (f)ADVANTAGESHigh Thermal Efficiency• High heat flux with low approach temperature• Average thermal efficiency over 99% Temperature Uniformity• Patented weir provides high turbulence/recirculation, resulting in temperature uniformity• No ice buildup on tubesFast Response• Rapid startup and shut down without process upset• Water bath mitigates process fluctuations during transition periodsSafety• No flame impingement on LNG coils• Heat exchange medium is water, eliminating the hazards and handling of ethylene glycol or other fluidsEconomy• Single burner units offer lower lifetimemaintenance• Pre-piped and pre-wired stainless steel tank configurations available• Compact footprint• Easily integrated with supplemental heat sourcesAPPLICATIONSSFPC specializes in the heating and/or vaporization of cryogenic and low temperature fluids, including oxygen, nitrogen, ethylene, ammonia, and propane. Our Sub-X® Vaporizer Systems have most frequentlybeen applied for vaporization of LNG in base-load and peak-shaving regasification facilities. Today, 75% ofthe world LNG regasification facilities employ submerged combustion technology.LNG Peak Shaving ServiceFor peak shaving service, operation of the Sub-X® Vaporizeris the primary means of LNG vaporization when insufficientsupply of natural gas exists in transmission pipelines.Operation of these facilities is intermittent and usually occurs during extremely cold weather. In this case, multi-burnerSub-X® Vaporizers offer many advantages, including quickstart up, fast response times, and superior turndown, as evidenced by over 190 multi-burner installations.LNG Base Load ServiceDue to the falling reserves and increasing demand of natural gas, LNG is being transported from overseas todomestic receiving terminals where it is stored in insulated tanks. Sub-X® vaporizer systems are used tovaporize LNG prior to transmission into the major naturalgas transportation routes for distribution to local utilities.Base load facilities typically utilize single burner vaporizersfor their lower emissions, higher capacities, and superiorreliability. In addition, the single burner vaporizer configuration is easily adaptable to incorporate alternative energy sources.Model of Multi Burner Sub-X® VaporizerModel of Single Burner Sub-X® VaporizerSUB-ASSEMBLIESSub-X® -120 single burner vaporizer with stainless steeltank assembly. Pre-installed components include bottomburner volute, distributor duct, sparger tubes, tube bundle,and control panel.Process tube bundle:• Seamless Tubing, ASME VIII Div. 1• 100% of welds radiographic or dye penetrant tested• Quality inspected and pressure testedWorld’s largest Sub-X® -140 burner:• Refractory-less water jacket cooled burner• Multi-point water injection• Staged air burner with modulating flow controlSelas Fluid Processing also offers:Process furnaces for chemical and petrochemical industries:• pyrolysis furnaces for ethylene production• EDC cracking furnaces• steam hydrocarbon reformers• cracking furnaces for specialty chemicalsFired heaters for refineries: • crude oil heaters • vacuum oil heaters• visbreakers• platformers• HDS heaters• reboilersEnvironmental technologies – plants foroxidizing gaseous and liquid wastes including waste heat recovery, flue gastreatment, and byproduct recovery:• halogenated hydrocarbons• PCB’s• pesticides• pharmaceutical wastes• aqueous salt laden wastes• nitrogen bound organicsSpecial purpose furnace equipment:• furnaces for iron direct reduction processed• steam superheaters• TiCl4 preheatersSELAS FLUID PROCESSING CORPORATIONFIVE SENTRY PARKWAY EASTBLUE BELL, PA 19422 USATELEPHONE: (610) 834-0300FACSIMILE: (610) 834-0472WWW.SELASFLUID.COMSELAS—LINDE GMBHWolfratshauser Strasse 13882049 PullachGermanyTelephone: +49 (0) 89 7447-47-0Facsimile: +49 (0) 89 7447-47-17www.selas-linde.comT-Thermal & Process Heater Technologyc/o Linde Cryoplants Ltd.1 Blackwater Park, Holder RoadAldershot, Hants, GU12 4PQUnited KingdomTelephone: +44 (0) 1252 321811Facsimile: +44 (0) 1252 321355®