Hazardous Waste Incineration
Hazardous Waste Incineration is used to describe those facilities which are specifically designed for the treatment of hazardous waste - these facilities are typically a rotary kiln design operating above 1100 degrees centrigrade with a highly specialised flue gas cleaning system. Where possible energy is recovered either for use in the process, generating electricity or for steam production (either industrial or district heating uses).
Dealing with special wastes involves treatment of ...
Dealing with special wastes involves treatment of hazardous waste as well as hazardous components present in other wastes. Certain Hazardous Wastes cannot be destroyed by any other means than High Temperature Incineration, for instance:
- refrigerants containing CFCs – cause depletion of the ozone layer
- PCBs – once in the food chain do not biodegrade, build up in fatty tissue
- certain cyanide containing waste
Hazardous waste incinerators operate to and comply with the strictest emission limits of any industry in the European Union, utilising state-of-the-art facilities combined with experienced and well-trained operators.
The benefits of HWI
HWI plays a prominent role in the destruction and elimination of pollutants from hazardous wastes.
Without the option of HWI some industries could not operate in an environmentally acceptable way.
Environmentally sustainable decontamination in incineration facilities for special waste is essential to support a modern recycling society.
HWI plays an important role in decontaminating and cleaning the wider environment for example the clean-up of old contaminated industrial sites.
How HWI work?
Waste handling and inputs:
Hazardous waste incinerators have specialised systems for the input of waste material depending on the type of waste being handled - this is particularly important for some of the most hazardous and toxic wastes. Options include a solid waste bunker, a tank farm for liquid and pasty wastes and drum storage and transportation facilities. For certain wastes a dedicated direct injection system is necessary.
Hazardous waste incinerators are designed to handle and destroy the most difficult toxic substances.
Combustion:
Hazardous waste incinerators are generally of a rotary kiln design. The kiln rotates to ensure more comprehensive combustion of waste than is possible with static kilns. After the rotary kiln there is a secondary combustion chamber where further waste can be injected for combustion.
The design of the secondary combustion chamber ensures that waste is incinerated at a minimum of 1100°C for at least 2 seconds, leading to the complete destruction of organic substances.
Energy recovery:
Energy is recovered in several ways ina hazardous waste incinerator-either through use of heat in other parts of the process (eg flue gas cleaning, re-heat of gases passing into the bag filter), generation of electricity, or in some cases through direct heat use for district heating (NB viability depends on local climatic conditions) or industrial processes.
Flue gas cleaning:
There are many options for flue gas cleaning systems in hazardous waste incinerators, but they typically consist of a combination of: gas scrubbing systems for the removal of acid gases (eg HCI and S02), heavy metals and dioxins DeNOx systems for the reduction of NOx emissions additive injections; and carbon filters/injection for the capture of dioxins, heavy metals and any remaining acid gases dust removal systems (eg electrostatic precipitator or bag filter)
The residues from the flue gas cleaning system comprise fly ash and filter cakes from wet scrubbing systems - normally these residues are treated and sent for safe disposal at a hazardous waste landfill.
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